|
Books by
Julianne
Malveaux
The Paradox of Loyalty
/
Unfinished Business /
Sex Lies and Stereotypes
Wall Street Main Street and the Side Street
/
Surviving and Thriving
Voices of Vision: African American Women on the
Issues /
Slipping through the Cracks: The Status of Black Women
* *
* * *
Surviving and Thriving
365 Facts in Black Economic History
By Dr. Julianne
Malveaux
Review and Interview by
Kam Williams
Book Review by Kam Williams
|
“In her poem,
‘And Still I Rise,’ Dr. Maya Angelou wrote,
‘You can write me down in history with your
bitter, twisted lies, you can trod me in the
very dirt and still, like dust, I rise.’
More than a century before she penned her
words, Richard R. Wright, Sr., a man born
into slavery… asked [Union] General Oliver
Otis Howard to ‘Tell them we are rising.’
Wright’s 19th C. vision . . . has
currency today. . . . Tell anyone who will
listen that, while the playing field is not
yet level, African-American people can play
the game, win it, and even change the rules
to make them fairer.
Tell them we
are rising, surviving and thriving.”—Excerpted
from the Introduction (pg. xliii) |
 |
The accomplishments of
African-Americans have generally been omitted from the
history books, when it comes to the field of economics.
Consequently, most black kids grow up unaware that
despite the obstacles the nation deliberately placed in
the path of their ancestors during the days of slavery
and the repressive era of Jim Crow segregation, many
miraculously managed to flourish financially anyway.
While many accounts of
the exploits of the heroes of the Emancipation and Civil
Rights Movements have been published for posterity, the
achievements of black business leaders have rarely been
the subject of scrutiny. For this reason, a debt of
gratitude is owed to Dr. Julianne Malveaux, author of
Surviving and Thriving: 365 Facts in Black Economic
History.
Her informative text
might be best thought of as a bound version of one of
those page-a-day theme calendars, except that instead of
serving up jokes, words or spiritual reflections, this
features a year’s worth of entries about
African-American companies and captains of industry. A
few of her subjects are familiar household names, such
as BET founder Bob Johnson and hip-hop pioneer Russell
Simmons. However, most of the bios here are apt to be
eye-opening intros to someone you’ve never heard of.
For example, there’s
Sarah Gammon Bickford, a former slave-turned-public
utility owner who moved to Virginia City, Montana where
she came to supply the town’s water after acquiring a
natural spring. Then, there’s seamstress Elizabeth
Keckley, a sister who owned the largest custom
dressmaking business in ante bellum Washington, DC.
Before the outbreak of the Civil War, she designed
outfits for both First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln and the
wives of eventual Confederates President Jefferson Davis
and his General Robert E. Lee.
In sum, an inspirational
tome design to serve as a daily reminder of the role
that African-American entrepreneurs have played and
continue to play on the path to freedom and equality.
* *
* * *
Kam Williams Interviews Dr. Julianne Malveaux
Dr. Julianne
Malveaux is the 15th President of
Bennett College for Women. Recognized for her
progressive and insightful observations, this brilliant
economist and author has been described by
Dr.
Cornel West as “the most iconoclastic public
intellectual in the country.”
Dr. Malveaux’s insights
on issues such as race, culture, gender, and their
economic impacts are helping to shape and thus
immeasurably impact the mindset of 21st Century America.
Always in demand in this capacity as a sage television
commentator, Dr. Malveaux appears regularly on CNN, BET,
PBS, NBC, ABC, Fox News, MSNBC, CNBC, C-SPAN and other
networks.
Furthermore, she is an
accomplished author and editor whose academic work has
been widely published in a variety of anthologies and
journals. She served as editor of
Voices of Vision: African American Women on the
Issues (1996); as the co-editor of
Slipping through the Cracks: The Status of Black Women
(1986); and as co-editor of
The Paradox of Loyalty: An African American Response to
the War on Terrorism (2002).
She is the author of two
column anthologies:
Sex, Lies, and Stereotypes: Perspectives of a Mad
Economist (1994); and
Wall Street, Main Street, and the Side Street: A Mad
Economist Takes a Stroll (1999). And she is the
co-author of
Unfinished Business: A Democrat and A Republican Take on
the 10 Most Important Issues Women Face (2002).
A native of San
Francisco, Dr. Malveaux’s credentials include a
Bachelor’s degree from Boston College and a Ph.D. in
Economics from MIT. A committed activist and civic
leader, she has held positions in numerous women’s,
civil rights and policy organizations. For example, she
was President of the National Association of Negro
Business and Professional Women’s Clubs from 1995-1999,
and is now the Honorary Co-Chair of Delta Sigma Theta
Sorority.
Currently, Malveaux
serves on the boards of the Economic Policy Institute,
The Recreation Wish List Committee of Washington, DC,
and the Liberian Education Trust. Here, she talks about
her career and about her new book
Surviving and Thriving: 365 Facts in Black Economic
History.
Kam Williams:
Hi Dr. Malveaux, thanks for the time.
Julianne Malveaux: Of course. How are you?
Kam Williams:
I’m fine, thanks. What interested you in writing this
book?
Julianne Malveaux: I was inspired by the fact that so much African-American history is not
common knowledge or just unrecorded. And that’s
especially true of black economic history. This isn’t
stuff I learned while studying economics in college, but
facts I read and collected along the way. They sort of
stayed with my spirit and I decided I had to put this
together.
Kam Williams:
Were you in Boston the same time I was? I was there from
‘75 to ‘78.
Julianne Malveaux: I was in Boston from 1970 to 1977. I was in Boston College’s Class of
’74 and then I went on to earn my Ph.D. from MIT.
Kam Williams:
the reason I asked is because I’m from New York, so
Boston was a big culture shock for me. I never
experienced such racism before or since. Being from San
Francisco, it must have been a hard adjustment for you,
too.
Julianne Malveaux: Yes, it was. The racism there is really virulent. When I arrived in
Boston in September of 1970, I loaded my luggage into a
rental car at Logan Airport and began driving to school.
But I made a wrong turn on my way, and ended up in South
Boston. Coming from the Bay Area, where we’re real
friendly, I thought nothing of innocently stopping at a
candy store to ask for directions. I went in with my big
afro and a big smile and said sweetly, “Hi! My name is
Julianne Malveaux, and I’m about to start as a freshman
at Boston College. I’m lost. Can you point me in the
right direction?” All I got in response was the N-word.
I said, “There’s no cause to go there” and they just said it again. So,
I went to the bar next-door, where I was met with
alcohol-fueled racism. There, they said, “We don’t allow
[N-word] around here. We’re going to call the cops.” Two
police officers showed up very quickly, and asked me
what I was doing in the neighborhood.
Their tone was so stern
with me that you would have thought I’d broken a law.
After I burst into tears, they offered to lead me to
Commonwealth Avenue.
 |
But
before letting me drive off, one got out of
the patrol car, knocked on my window and
warned, “If I ever catch you in South Boston
again, I’ll arrest you.” It was just a
horrible place. I remember that brother that
they ran the flagpole through.
Kam Williams:
You mean Attorney Ted Landsmark. He and I
were friends in Boston back then. He was
just walking into City Hall when he
coincidentally encountered an anti-busing
demonstration. Seeing a black man they could
take their frustrations out on, the white
mob attacked and one guy broke his nose with
an American flag. What made it seem surreal
was that this was ‘76, the Bicentennial
year, and the photo capturing the moment Ted
was struck by the flag won the Pulitzer
Prize.
Julianne
Malveaux: That was just awful. Boston was horrible. It really was a toxic
situation. |
Kam Williams:
Children’s book author Irene Smalls, who lives in
Boston, asks: How have your days as an MIT trained
economist aided in your daily work of being a college
president?
Julianne Malveaux: Wow! That’s a great question. First of all, being an economist makes
you think of resource allocation which is
historically-black colleges’ biggest issue—how to use
resources most efficiently and effectively. I also think
that had I not been an economist, some of the financial
restructuring I’ve done would not have happened. When I
arrived, the college was encumbered with debt
disproportionate to the lien that was on the
institution. We were able to renegotiate that and then
create some equity in order to be able to borrow the
money needed to build the first new buildings on campus
in 28 years. Thanks to my training, I was able to assess
the problem and probe it in that way. I call that my
crowning accomplishment.
Kam Williams:
Irene also says: Your book chronicles past black
economic achievement. Where do you envision economic
opportunities for African-Americans in the future?
Julianne Malveaux: Number one, in the developing world, especially on the African
continent, if we take the time to develop those
relationships. Secondly, I think the whole environmental
justice issue raises entrepreneurial possibilities in
terms of how to be more “green.” I think there are more
opportunities in education and I hope, quite frankly,
that African-Americans will be among those creating
economic opportunities around the growing issue of
senior care.
Kam Williams:
Irene asks: What special barriers do you see that
prevent black people from attaining economic parity? Do
you see any strategies to overcome these barriers?
Julianne Malveaux: We can continue to close the income gap. But we will never achieve
economic parity from a wealth perspective because, once
upon a time, we were somebody’s wealth. That wealth gap
won’t be closed unless it becomes a policy priority to
redistribute wealth.
Kam Williams:
“Realtor to the Stars” Jimmy Bayan asks: What is
your economic forecast for 2011, particularly the bond
market, and yields?
Julianne Malveaux: I’ll pass on that.
Kam Williams:
Attorney Bernadette Beekman asks: Do you think
middle-class African-Americans have been more adversely
impacted by the recession than other Americans? Being
last hired, overburdened by graduate student debt,
facing possible foreclosure due to buying at the top of
the market before the crash, many African-Americans in
this socio-economic bracket were the last to hit the
prosperity wave and seem to have fallen on worse times
than their similarly-educated peers. Many people depend
on the continued extension of jobless benefits and have
lived through their savings, creating a dependent
middle-class. What is your take on this? What is your
advice for people who find themselves in this
predicament?
Julianne Malveaux: I would say Bernadette’s absolutely right about the recent, young black
middle-class who purchased late, and who have high
student debt. They have certainly been severely
impacted, although they’re relatively advantaged in
comparison to their working-class and poor cousins
who’ve never even had the opportunity to accrue student
debt. That being said, my advice to them is to regroup,
although that is easier said than done. If you’ve gotten
in over your head, then you have to figure out how to
get out from under. Yes, the job market is tight, but
there are still jobs out there. Don’t let what’s
happening to you, economically, affect your game face
when you’ve got to look for a job. And if the job market
has not been kind to you, then you might need to figure
out what you can do besides work for someone else.
Kam Williams:
How did you feel about the TARP Program?
Julianne Malveaux:
I thought that bailout was welfare for the wealthy. Then
Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulson, came to
President Bush and said essentially, “We need $700
billion,” but he didn’t say why. And it was a pool of
money that wasn’t being doled out equitably, so I
opposed it.
Kam Williams:
What is your opinion of Obama’s proposed extension of
the Bush tax cuts?
Julianne Malveaux:
I’m also opposed to that. President Obama’s apparently
compromising because he feels caught between a rock and
a hard place. But extending the Bush tax cuts is bad
news.
Kam Williams:
Are you as disappointed in Obama as Cornel West seems to
be?
Julianne Malveaux: Yes and no. Me and Cornel get in trouble about that all the time. Let
me say this. If you look at brother Obama’s, President
Obama’s track record before he entered the White House,
you could not have reasonably expected him to be a
progressive. He never said he was one. Go back and
listen to his keynote speech at the 2004 Democratic
National Convention where he talked about there being no
blue states or red states but just the United States.
There was also an implicit scolding of black men in that
speech about fatherhood. I think we all got caught up in
the exuberance of the Obama campaign and the historical
significance of his presidency.
But if you go back and do
a careful analysis, you’ll see that what he’s doing is
consistent with what he had done as both a state and
U.S. senator. I wish that he would engage regularly and
more closely with the African-American community. I wish
the demographic which was his most consistent supporters
had more to show for it.
Certainly, I’m very, very
pleased that Historically-Black Colleges and
Universities (HBCUs), after organizing, were able to
garner some additional dollars from the Obama
Administration. But at the same time, I can see so many
other ways in which he could do so much better. He
really has accomplished an awful lot as President, but
his rhetoric and his reach were higher than his grasp.
And as for our people, what we wanted was not what we
got.
Kam Williams:
Harriet Pakula Teweles asks: How have you defined your
target audience? Do see the possibility that you will be
changing the definition?
Julianne Malveaux: My target audience is the universe, because I believe everybody should
know about black economic history. But obviously, I
focus on my community first.
Kam Williams:
Harriet has a follow-up: As an economist, author, and
college president—how do find time to get everything
done, and how do you spend your relaxation time?
Julianne Malveaux: Relaxation time? Ha-ha, what’s that? I think peace is balance, and
balance is peace, and I don’t have either one. I’m a
high energy person. I struggle for balance. I really do.
But finding my balance is a challenge.
Kam Williams:
Is there any question no one ever asks you, that you
wish someone would?
Julianne Malveaux: No, people pretty much ask me anything.
Kam Williams:
The Tasha Smith question: Are you ever afraid?
Julianne Malveaux: Yeah, every now and then. Not very often. I see myself as fearless, yet
I know that I have been fearful. I was afraid of failure
when I came to Bennett College, because education and my
people are so important to me.
Kam Williams:
The Columbus Short question: Are you happy?
Julianne Malveaux: Most of the time, not always.
Kam Williams:
The Teri Emerson question: When was the last time you
had a good laugh?
Julianne Malveaux: About fifteen minutes ago.
Kam Williams:
What is your guiltiest pleasure?
Julianne Malveaux: I ain’t gonna tell that.
Kam Williams:
The bookworm Troy Johnson question: What was the last
book you read?
Julianne Malveaux:
Cleopatra: A Life.
I read just about
everything. I love history, biographies, reading about
women and just about anything black of quality, but not
that ghetto lit stuff.
Kam Williams:
The music maven Heather Covington question: What are you
listening to on your iPod?
Julianne Malveaux: Jazz, primarily. I find it relaxing, and I can write with it on in the
background. Also Gospel and John Legend.
Kam Williams:
What is your favorite dish to cook?
Julianne Malveaux: I very rarely cook, but I do make a decent cioppino. It’s a little
easier for me to make than gumbo, ‘cause I don’t have a
good recipe for roux.
Kam Williams:
The Uduak Oduok question: Who is your favorite clothes
designer?
Julianne Malveaux: I design many of my own clothes. I haunt fabric stores whenever I have
some free time. I look at Vogue, and I have a
tailor that I work with by drawing whatever I want.
Kam Williams:
When you look in the mirror, what do you see?
Julianne Malveaux: A fine, feisty chameleon.
Kam Williams:
If you could have one wish instantly granted, what would
that be for?
Julianne Malveaux: For Bennett College and other HBCUs to be well endowed.
Kam Williams:
The Ling-Ju Yen question: What is your earliest
childhood memory?
Julianne Malveaux: Climbing up onto a table to get a book they were trying to keep out of
my reach, when I was about three.
Kam Williams:
The Nancy Lovell Question: Why do you love doing what
you do?
Julianne Malveaux: It’s empowering. Education has the power to transform lives. I also
value institutional stability. I don’t want Bennett to
be one of the ones lost.
Kam Williams:
The Flex Alexander question: How do you get through the
tough times?
Julianne Malveaux: Friends, prayer, Pilates.
Kam Williams:
The Rudy Lewis question: Who’s at the top of your hero
list?
Julianne Malveaux: If you’re talking about the living, Reverend Jesse Jackson. He’s been a
consistent friend, and he’s been persistent with the
struggle. If you’re talking about people who are gone,
Ida B. Wells.
Kam Williams:
What has been the biggest obstacle you have had to
overcome?
Julianne Malveaux: Self-criticism. I’m a perfectionist.
Kam Williams:
What advice do you have for anyone who wants to follow
in your footsteps?
Julianne Malveaux: Just do it.
Kam Williams:
The Tavis Smiley questions. First, how introspective are
you?
Julianne Malveaux: Extremely. I’m an extroverted introvert. I think a lot about myself,
and life and other stuff.
Kam Williams:
Secondly, how do you want to be remembered? What do you
want your legacy to be?
Julianne Malveaux: I want to be known as a contributor. I want to leave more buildings at
Bennett College that were built during the Malveaux
Era. And I want to be known as a wise, witty economist
who helped people think.
Kam Williams:
Thanks again for the interview, Dr. Malveaux.
Julianne Malveaux: Thank you.
* *
* * *
Bennett College is
a four-year
liberal arts women's college in
Greensboro, North Carolina. Founded in 1873, this
historically black institution began as a
normal school to provide education to newly
emancipated slaves. It became a women's college in 1926
and currently serves roughly 600
undergraduates.
Oprah Winfrey and
Maya Angelou have recently offered public support to
Bennett College.
Bennett College has 678
students, all women and primarily of African-American
descent, enrolled in one of Bennett's 24 degree
programs. Bennett is currently ranked #16 among the top
historically black colleges and universities, both for
its academic achievements and its relatively reasonable
tuition rates. Today Bennett is reorganizing and
revitalizing its campus and academic infrastructure.
Bennett's brother school is
Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. This
relationship developed through the close and historic
friendship of former Bennett College President Dr. David
Dallas Jones and former Morehouse College President Dr.
Benjamin E. Mays.—Wikipedia
|
Sex Lies and Stereotypes: Perspectives of a
Mad Economist
By Julianne Malveaux
Malveaux
seeks to reveal the relationships between
economics and race, sex and politics in this
collection of cogent columns syndicated in
numerous papers, including USA Today and the
San Francisco Examiner. What makes the
writing fresh, and not the ramblings of an
angry black woman, is her use of actual
acquaintances to illustrate points. For
example, Malveaux buttresses her criticisms
of the misguided economic priorities that
resulted in the failure of urban schools
with the story of a teacher friend worn down
by low pay, job instability and hardened
students. Malveaux's short pieces tackle
Anita Hill, homelessness, Lani Guinier,
NAFTA, conservatism, Clarence Thomas, speech
codes and multicultural programs. Although
the columns cover a variety of topics from
AIDS to recycling to "buying black," her
perspective is primarily economic. It is
this approach which makes for redundancies
in several chapters-especially the first
two. But the flip side is that she makes (or
re-makes) a strong argument for the economic
basis of the American struggle over race and
gender.—Publishers
Weekly |
 |
* *
* * *
 |
The White Architects of Black Education
Ideology and Power in America, 1865-1954
By
William Watkins
William
H. Watkins is subtle in his story of the
“white architects” who developed Black
education beginning in 1865, just at the end
of the Civil War. Watkins shocks you with
his “scientific racism” platform that he
explains “presented human difference as the
rational for inequality” and that it “can be
understood as an ideological and political
issue” (pg. 39). The reader senses a calm
attitude about the author as he speaks of
the philanthropists, beginning with John D.
Rockefeller, Sr, who was most concerned
about “shaping the new industrial social
order” (pg. 133) than he was for providing a
useful education. “The Rockefeller group
demonstrated how gift giving could shape
education and public policy” (pg. 134). |
In their
support of Black education, by 1964, the General
Education Board (GEB) spent more than $3.2 million
dollars in gifts to support Black education. This
captivating book begins with a foreword written by Robin
D.G. Kelley who reflects that he learned one lesson from
Watkins, “If we are to create new models of pedagogy and
intellectual work and become architects of our own
education, then we cannot simply repair the structures
that have been passed down to us. We need to dismantle
the old architecture so that we might begin anew” (pg.
xiii). Why don’t the school reformers who mandate
educational laws experience such an awakening?—Review
by AC Snow
Source:
Cre3Design
* *
* * *
List of Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Established
before 1964 with the Intention of Serving the Black
Community
* * *
* *
|
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Edited by Charles L. Betsey
Beginning in the 1830s, public and private
higher education institutions established to
serve African-Americans operated in
Pennsylvania and Ohio, the Border States,
and the states of the old Confederacy. Until
recently the vast majority of people of
African descent who received post-secondary
education in the United States did so in
historically black institutions. Spurred on
by financial and accreditation issues,
litigation to assure compliance with court
decisions, equal higher education
opportunity for all citizens, and the role
of race in admissions decisions, interest in
the role, accomplishments, and future of
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
has been renewed. This volume touches upon
these issues. Historically Black Colleges
and Universities (HBCUs) are a diverse group
of 105 institutions. |
 |
They vary in
size from several hundred students to over 10,000.
Prior to Brown v. Board of Education, 90 percent of
African-American postsecondary students were
enrolled in HBCUs. Currently the
105 HBCUs
account
for 3 percent of the nations educational
institutions, but they graduate about one-quarter of
African-Americans receiving college degrees. The
competition that HBCUs currently face in attracting
and educating African-American and other students
presents both challenges and opportunities. Despite
the fact that numerous studies have found that HBCUs
are more effective at retaining and graduating
African-American students than predominately white
colleges, HBCUs have serious detractors.
Perhaps because
of the increasing pressures on state governments to
assure that public HBCUs receive comparable funding
and provide programs that will attract a broader
student population, several public HBCUs no longer
serve primarily African-American students. There is
reason to believe, and it is the opinion of several
contributors to this book, that in the changing
higher education environment HBCUs will not survive,
particularly those that are financially weak. The
contributors to this volume provide cutting-edge
data as well as solid social analysis of this major
concern in black life as well as American higher
education as a whole.
* * * * *
* *
* * *
|
Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in
America
By Melissa V.
Harris-Perry
According to the
author, this society has historically exerted
considerable pressure on black females to fit into one
of a handful of stereotypes, primarily, the Mammy, the
Matriarch or the Jezebel. The selfless
Mammy’s behavior is marked by a slavish devotion to
white folks’ domestic concerns, often at the expense of
those of her own family’s needs. By contrast, the
relatively-hedonistic Jezebel is a sexually-insatiable
temptress. And the Matriarch is generally thought of as
an emasculating figure who denigrates black men, ala the
characters Sapphire and Aunt Esther on the television
shows Amos and Andy and Sanford and Son, respectively.
Professor Perry
points out how the propagation of these harmful myths
have served the mainstream culture well. For instance,
the Mammy suggests that it is almost second nature for
black females to feel a maternal instinct towards
Caucasian babies.
As for the source
of the Jezebel, black women had no control over their
own bodies during slavery given that they were being
auctioned off and bred to maximize profits. Nonetheless,
it was in the interest of plantation owners to propagate
the lie that sisters were sluts inclined to mate
indiscriminately.
|
 |
* * * * *
 |
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus
Created
By Charles C. Mann
I’m
a big fan of Charles Mann’s previous
book
1491:
New Revelations of the Americas Before
Columbus, in which he
provides a sweeping and provocative
examination of North and South America
prior to the arrival of Christopher
Columbus. It’s exhaustively researched
but so wonderfully written that it’s
anything but exhausting to read. With
his follow-up,
1493, Mann has taken it to a
new, truly global level. Building on the
groundbreaking work of Alfred Crosby
(author of
The Columbian Exchange and, I’m
proud to say, a fellow Nantucketer),
Mann has written nothing less than the
story of our world: how a planet of what
were once several autonomous continents
is quickly becoming a single,
“globalized” entity.
Mann not only talked to countless
scientists and researchers; he visited
the places he writes about, and as a
consequence, the book has a marvelously
wide-ranging yet personal feel as we
follow Mann from one far-flung corner of
the world to the next. And always, the
prose is masterful. In telling the
improbable story of how Spanish and
Chinese cultures collided in the
Philippines in the sixteenth century, he
takes us to the island of Mindoro whose
“southern coast consists of a number of
small bays, one next to another like
tooth marks in an apple.” We learn how
the spread of malaria, the potato,
tobacco, guano, rubber plants, and sugar
cane have disrupted and convulsed the
planet and will continue to do so until
we are finally living on one integrated
or at least close-to-integrated Earth.
Whether or not the human instigators of
all this remarkable change will survive
the process they helped to initiate more
than five hundred years ago remains,
Mann suggests in this monumental and
revelatory book, an open question. |
* * * * *
The White Masters of the
World
From
The World and Africa, 1965
By W. E. B. Du Bois
W. E. B. Du Bois’
Arraignment and Indictment of White Civilization
(Fletcher)
* *
* * *
Ancient African Nations
* * * * *
If you like this page consider making a donation
* * * * *
Negro Digest /
Black World
Browse all issues
1950
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
____ 2005
Enjoy!
* * * * *
The Death of Emmett Till by Bob Dylan
/
The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll
/
Only a Pawn in Their Game
Rev. Jesse Lee Peterson Thanks America for
Slavery /
George Jackson /
Hurricane Carter
* *
* * *
The Journal of Negro History issues at Project Gutenberg
The
Haitian Declaration of Independence 1804
/
January 1, 1804 -- The Founding of
Haiti
* * * * *
* *
* * *
ChickenBones Store
(Books, DVDs, Music, and more)
posted 14 December 2010
|
