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The Lynching Resolution
109TH
CONGRESS
1ST
SESSION S.
RES. 39
Apologizing to the victims of
lynching and the descendants of those victims for the failure of the
Senate to enact anti-lynching legislation.
20
Senators refused to sign anti-lynching resolution
In the Senate of the United States February 7,
2005
Ms.
Landrieu (for herself, Mr. Allen,
Mr. Levin, Mr. Frist, Mr. Reid,
Mr. Allard, Mr. Akaka,
Mr. Brownback, Mr. Bayh, Ms. Collins,
Mr. Biden, Mr. Ensign,
Mrs. Boxer, Mr. Hagel, Mr. Corzine,
Mr. Lugar, Mr. Dayton,
Mr. McCain, Mr. Dodd,
Ms. Snowe, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Specter, Mr. Feingold,
Mr. Stevens, Mrs. Feinstein, Mr.Talent, Mr. Harkin,
Mr. Jeffords, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Kennedy,
Mr. Kohl, Mr. Lautenberg,
Mr. Leahy, Mr. Lieberman, Mr. Nelson of
Florida, Mr. Pryor, and Mr. Schumer)
submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the
Committee on the Judiciary
Resolution
Apologizing
to the victims of lynching and the descendants of those victims
for the failure of the Senate to enact anti-lynching
legislation.
Whereas
the crime of lynching succeeded slavery as the ultimate
expression of racism in the United States following
Reconstruction; Whereas lynching was a widely acknowledged
practice in the United States until the middle of the 20th
century;
Whereas
lynching was a crime that occurred throughout the United States,
with documented incidents in all but 4 States;
Whereas
at least 4,742 people, predominantly African-Americans, were
reported lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1968;
Whereas
99 percent of all perpetrators of lynching escaped from
punishment by State or local officials;
Whereas
lynching prompted African-Americans to form the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and
prompted members of B’nai B’rith to found the
Anti-Defamation League;
Whereas
nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in Congress
during the first half of the 20th century;
Whereas,
between 1890 and 1952, 7 Presidents petitioned Congress to end
lynching;
Whereas,
between 1920 and 1940, the House of Representatives passed 3
strong anti-lynching measures;
Whereas
protection against lynching was the minimum and most basic of
Federal responsibilities, and the Senate considered but failed
to enact anti-lynching legislation despite repeated requests by
civil rights groups, Presidents, and the House of
Representatives to do so;
Whereas
the recent publication of ‘‘Without Sanctuary: Lynching
Photography in America’’ helped bring greater awareness and
proper recognition of the victims of lynching;
Whereas
only by coming to terms with history can the United States
effectively champion human rights abroad; and
Whereas
an apology offered in the spirit of true repentance moves the
United States toward reconciliation and may become central to a
new understanding, on which improved racial relations can be
forged:
Now,
therefore, be it
Resolved,
That the
Senate—
(1)
apologizes to the victims of lynching for the failure of the
Senate to enact anti-lynching legislation;
(2)
expresses the deepest sympathies and most solemn regrets of the
Senate to the descendants of victims of lynching, the ancestors
of whom were deprived of life, human dignity, and the
constitutional protections accorded all citizens of the United
States; and
(3)
remembers the history of lynching, to ensure that these
tragedies will be neither forgotten nor repeated.
Lynchings:
By State and Race, 1882-1968 *
|
|
|
|
State
|
White
|
Black
|
Total
|
|
|
|
Alabama
|
48
|
299
|
347
|
|
Arizona
|
31
|
0
|
31
|
|
Arkansas
|
58
|
226
|
284
|
|
California
|
41
|
2
|
43
|
|
Colorado
|
65
|
3
|
68
|
|
Delaware
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
|
Florida
|
25
|
257
|
282
|
|
Georgia
|
39
|
492
|
531
|
|
Idaho
|
20
|
0
|
20
|
|
Illinois
|
15
|
19
|
34
|
|
Indiana
|
33
|
14
|
47
|
|
Iowa
|
17
|
2
|
19
|
|
Kansas
|
35
|
19
|
54
|
|
Kentucky
|
63
|
142
|
205
|
|
Louisiana
|
56
|
335
|
391
|
|
Maine
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
|
Maryland
|
2
|
27
|
29
|
|
Michigan
|
7
|
1
|
8
|
|
Minnesota
|
5
|
4
|
9
|
|
Mississippi
|
42
|
539
|
581
|
|
Missouri
|
53
|
69
|
122
|
|
Montana
|
82
|
2
|
84
|
|
Nebraska
|
52
|
5
|
57
|
|
Nevada
|
6
|
0
|
6
|
|
New
Jersey
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
New
Mexico
|
33
|
3
|
36
|
|
New
York
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
North
Carolina
|
15
|
86
|
101
|
|
North
Dakota
|
13
|
3
|
16
|
|
Ohio
|
10
|
16
|
26
|
|
Oklahoma
|
82
|
40
|
122
|
|
Oregon
|
20
|
1
|
21
|
|
Pennsylvania
|
2
|
6
|
8
|
|
South
Carolina
|
4
|
156
|
160
|
|
South
Dakota
|
27
|
0
|
27
|
|
Tennessee
|
47
|
204
|
251
|
|
Texas
|
141
|
352
|
493
|
|
Utah
|
6
|
2
|
8
|
|
Vermont
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
|
Virginia
|
17
|
83
|
100
|
|
Washington
|
25
|
1
|
26
|
|
West
Virginia
|
20
|
28
|
48
|
|
Wisconsin
|
6
|
0
|
6
|
|
Wyoming
|
30
|
5
|
35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
1,297
|
3,446
|
4,743
|
|
*Statistics provided by the
Archives at Tuskegee Institute.
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20
Senators refused to sign
anti
lynching resolution
Here are the 20 Senators who:
1) refused to co-sponsor the anti-lynching
resolution passed and
2) refused a roll-call vote so they would not have
to put their names on the resolution as having
voted against it.
Call or email them and tell them what you think: http://www.senate.gov/
or at
http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm
Lamar Alexander (R-TN)
Robert Bennett (R-UT)
Christopher Bond (R-MO)
Jim Bunning (R-KY)
Conrad Burns (R-MT)
Saxby Chambliss (R-GA)
Thad Cochran (R-MS)
Kent Conrad (D-ND)
John Cornyn (R-TX)
Michael Crapo (R-ID)
Michael Enzi (R-WY)
Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Judd Gregg (R-NH)
Orrin Hatch (R-UT)
Trent Lott (R-MS)
Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
Richard Shelby (R-AL)
John Sununu (R-NH)
Craig Thomas (R-WY)
George Voinovich (R-OH)
19 Republicans and 1 Democrat, a
real wall of shame for progress in America. These
Senators represent a hate in America, contact them and
let them know you will not tolerate their support of
hate in America. See the corrected Senator
account at
thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:SE00039:@@@P
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American Justice 1919
This is the Real Dope: Where Did We Go from Here?
Willie Brown, accused of sexually assaulting a white woman, was lynched on 28 September 1919,
outside of the Douglas County Courthouse in Omaha, Nebraska.
Brown was hanged and shot repeatedly. Brown’s body was dragged behind an automobile through downtown Omaha and, eventually, burned at the intersection of 17th and Dodge Streets.
Rights are so much more effectively destroyed by bullying a citizenry out of wanting to exercise them than any other means.—Uruknet |
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The New Jim Crow
Mass Incarceration in the Age of
Colorblindness
By Michele Alexander
Contrary to the
rosy picture of race embodied in Barack
Obama's political success and Oprah
Winfrey's financial success, legal
scholar Alexander argues vigorously and
persuasively that [w]e have not ended
racial caste in America; we have merely
redesigned it. Jim Crow and legal racial
segregation has been replaced by mass
incarceration as a system of social
control (More African Americans are
under correctional control today... than
were enslaved in 1850). Alexander
reviews American racial history from the
colonies to the Clinton administration,
delineating its transformation into the
war on drugs. She offers an acute
analysis of the effect of this mass
incarceration upon former inmates who
will be discriminated against, legally,
for the rest of their lives, denied
employment, housing, education, and
public benefits. Most provocatively, she
reveals how both the move toward
colorblindness and affirmative action
may blur our vision of injustice: most
Americans know and don't know the truth
about mass incarceration—but her
carefully researched, deeply engaging,
and thoroughly readable book should
change that.—Publishers
Weekly |
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Blacks in Hispanic Literature: Critical Essays
Edited by
Miriam DeCosta-Willis
Blacks in Hispanic Literature is a
collection of fourteen essays by scholars and
creative writers from Africa and the Americas.
Called one of two significant critical works on
Afro-Hispanic literature to appear in the late
1970s, it includes the pioneering studies of
Carter G. Woodson and
Valaurez B. Spratlin, published in the 1930s, as
well as the essays of scholars whose interpretations
were shaped by the Black aesthetic. The early
essays, primarily of the Black-as-subject in Spanish
medieval and Golden Age literature, provide an
historical context for understanding 20th-century
creative works by African-descended, Hispanophone
writers, such as Cuban
Nicolás Guillén and Ecuadorean poet, novelist,
and scholar
Adalberto Ortiz, whose essay analyzes the
significance of Negritude in Latin America. This
collaborative text set the tone for later
conferences in which writers and scholars worked
together to promote, disseminate, and critique the
literature of Spanish-speaking people of African
descent. . . .
Cited by a
literary critic in 2004 as "the seminal study in the
field of Afro-Hispanic Literature . . . on which
most scholars in the field 'cut their teeth'."
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The White Masters of the
World
From
The World and Africa, 1965
By W. E. B. Du Bois
W. E. B. Du Bois’
Arraignment and Indictment of White Civilization
(Fletcher)
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Ancient African Nations
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The Death of Emmett Till by Bob Dylan
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The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll
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Only a Pawn in Their Game
Rev. Jesse Lee Peterson Thanks America for
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George Jackson /
Hurricane Carter
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The Journal of Negro History issues at Project Gutenberg
The
Haitian Declaration of Independence 1804
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January 1, 1804 -- The Founding of
Haiti
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posted 24 June 2005
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