|
Reading Africana
Franklin W.
Knight and Teresita Martinez-Vergne,
Contemporary Caribbean Cultures and Societies in a
Global Context (Chapel Hill: University of North
Carolina Press, 2005).
|
Contemporary Caribbean
Cultures and Societies in a Global Context
By
Franklin W. Knight and Teresita Martinez-Vergne
The
Caribbean ranks among the earliest and most
completely globalized regions in the world.
From the first moment Europeans set foot on
the islands to the present, products,
people, and ideas have made their way back
and forth between the region and other parts
of the globe with unequal but inexorable
force. An inventory of some of these
unprecedented multidirectional exchanges,
this volume provides a measure of, as well
as a model for, new scholarship on
globalization in the region. Ten
essays by leading scholars in the field of
Caribbean studies identify and illuminate
important social and cultural aspects of the
region as it seeks to maintain its own
identity against the unrelenting pressures
of globalization. These essays examine cultural
phenomena in their creolized forms—from
sports and religion to music and drink—as
well as the Caribbean manifestations of more universal
trends—from
racial inequality and feminist activism to indebtedness
and economic uncertainty. Throughout, the volume points
to the contending forces of homogeneity and
differentiation that define globalization and highlights
the growing agency of the Caribbean peoples in the
modern world.—Publisher
UNC Press |
 |
*
* * * *
Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A.
Scarano, eds.,
Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern
American State (Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 2009).
 |
Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of
the Modern American State
Edited by Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A.
Scarano
At the
end of the nineteenth century the United
States swiftly occupied a string of small
islands dotting the Caribbean and Western
Pacific, from Puerto Rico and Cuba to Hawaii
and the Philippines. Colonial Crucible:
Empire in the Making of the Modern American
State reveals how this experiment in direct
territorial rule subtly but profoundly
shaped U.S. policy and practice—both abroad
and, crucially, at home. Edited by Alfred W.
McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, the essays
in this volume show how the challenge of
ruling such far-flung territories strained
the U.S. state to its limits, creating both
the need and the opportunity for bold social
experiments not yet possible within the
United States itself. Plunging Washington’s
rudimentary bureaucracy into the white heat
of nationalist revolution and imperial
rivalry, colonialism was a crucible of
change in American statecraft. From an
expansion of the federal government to the
creation of agile public-private networks
for more effective global governance, U.S.
empire produced far-reaching innovations. |
Moving well beyond
theory, this volume takes the next step, adding a
fine-grained, empirical texture to the study of U.S.
imperialism by analyzing its specific consequences.
Across a broad range of institutions—policing and
prisons, education, race relations, public health, law,
the military, and environmental management—this
formative experience left a lasting institutional
imprint. With each essay distilling years, sometimes
decades, of scholarship into a concise argument,
Colonial Crucible reveals the roots of a legacy evident,
most recently, in Washington’s misadventures in the
Middle East.
*
* * * *
Barry Higman, Montpelier Jamaica: A Plantation Community in Slavery and Freedom 1739-1912 (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2000).
|
Montpelier Jamaica
A Plantation Community in Slavery and
Freedom, 1739-1912
This
book is a detailed study of the life of a
Jamaican plantation community during slavery
and the post-emancipation period. It is
based on archaeological investigations as
well as more traditional documentary
sources. The family and household structure
of the slave population is analysed, and
linked to the physical layout of the
village. A comprehensive picture of the
material culture of the plantation workers
is facilitated by the combining of sources,
to cover everything from food ways to
clothing, ornament and architecture.
Montpelier was one of the largest
plantations established in Jamaica, covering
10,000 acres by the end of the eighteenth
century, when it supported two sugar works
and three separate villages with a
population of 1,000. One of the works
was destroyed during the slave rebellion of 1831/32, and
sugar production was abandoned completely in the 1850s.
The entire property shifted to livestock, and by the end
of the nineteenth century the villages were deserted.
This book seeks to reconstruct the physical form and
cultural characteristics of those lost villages. David
Eltis |
 |
*
* * * *
Claude Rilly, La langue
du royaume de Méroé: Un panorama de la plus ancienne
culture écrite d’Afrique subsaharienne (Paris:
Librairie Honoré Champion, 2007).
Claude Rilly,
Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique (Louvain:
Peeters, 2010).
*
* * * *
David Eltis,
The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
 |
The
Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
By David Eltis
The Rise of African Slavery
bears all the hallmarks of the historical
craftsmanship we have come to expect from
Eltis; a grasp of theoretical and
statistical complexity, a mastery of
archival materials and a rare ability to
impose a tight and disciplined argument on
material which, in less talented hands,
might overwhelm the author. Here, as
elsewhere, Eltis reveals himself to be the
finest historian in the field.—International
Journal of Maritime History
Eltis has produced a volume of remarkable
empirical depth and insightful
interpretation that deserves a wide
audience. His enormously important book will
no doubt quickly come to be regarded as one
of the best examples of what the growing
field of Atlantic history has to offer...The
author's probing, often provocative
conclusions will surely stimulate debate
among specialists in a range of subfields
concerned with the early modern histories of
Europe, Africa, and the Americas.—William
and Mary Quarterly |
*
* * * *
David Northrup,
Africa’s Discovery of Europe 1450-1850 (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2008).
|
Africa’s Discovery of Europe
1450-1850
By David Northrup
Brilliantly written and thoroughly engaging,
the new edition of this groundbreaking book
examines the full range of African-European
encounters from an unfamiliar African
perspective rather than from the customary
European one. Updated to include new
research, maps, and illustrations, Africa's
Discovery of Europe, 1450-1850, Second
Edition, concludes with an expanded epilogue
that extends the themes of African-European
commercial and cultural interaction to the
present day. By featuring vivid life stories
of individual Africans and drawing upon
their many recorded sentiments, David
Northrup presents African perspectives that
persuasively challenge stereotypes about
African-European relations as they unfolded
in Africa, Europe, and the Atlantic world
between 1450 and 1850. . . . Brief, inexpensive,
and accessible, the second edition of Africa's Discovery
of Europe offers an insightful look at the tumultuous
and enduring relations between these two continents.—Publisher,
Oxford University Press |
 |
*
* * * *
Gert Chesi and Gerhard Merzeder,
eds.,
The Nok Culture: Art in Nigeria 2,500 Years Ago
(Munich: Prestel, 2006).
 |
The Nok Culture: Art in
Nigeria 2,500 Years Ago
Edited by Gert Chesi and Gerhard Merzeder
In 1928
in central Nigeria tin miners uncovered clay
shards which, when reconstructed, were found
to be fragments of terracotta sculptures.
The unique representations of human heads
and other figures date from 500 BCE and are
attributed to a culture known today as Nok.
One hundred authenticated pieces, many shown
here for the first time, are collected in
this exciting introduction to an enigmatic
culture that is thought to be the oldest
known organized civilization in sub-Saharan
Africa. While much about the Nok people
remains unknown, their craftsmanship and
attention to detail speak volumes about
their talents, understanding of beauty, and
sophistication. Lavishly illustrated
throughout and with essays discussing Nok
art, this collection offers an intriguing
glimpse into an important chapter in the
history of African art. |
*
* * * *
Jane Landers and Barry M.
Robinson, ed.,
Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial
Latin America (Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press, 2006).
|
Slaves, Subjects, and
Subversives
Blacks in Colonial Latin America
Edited by Jane Landers
and Barry M. Robinson
Almost
eleven of the twelve million Africans who
survived the trauma of enslavement in Africa
and the horrors of the Middle Passage,
remade their lives in territories claimed by
Spain or Portugal. Drawing on a wealth of
previously unused sources, the authors show
that although plantation slavery was a
horrible reality for many Africans and their
descendants in Latin America, blacks
experienced many other realities in Iberian
colonies.
Paul
Lovejoy analyzes a treatise by a
seventeenth-century Muslim scholar in
Morocco and argues it shaped the slave trade
to Latin America. John Thornton examines the
early and significant adaptations Central
Africans made to European material culture
and Catholicism, noting how closely Angola
resembled Latin America by the
mid-seventeenth century. |
 |
Lynne Guitar studies the grueling
nature of African slavery in the sugar plantations of
Hispaniola and the rebellions they triggered--the first
in the New World. Jane Landers discusses slave
rebellions in seventeenth-century New Spain and the
development of maroon communities strong enough to
negotiate their freedom. Matthew Restall tracks the life
of one eighteenth-century Afro-Yucatecan to demonstrate
how enslaved persons experienced competing English and
Spanish systems in the circum-Caribbean.
Renée Soulodre-La France considers
how the expulsion of the Jesuit order from Latin America
in 1767 transformed slaves' lives and identities in New
Granada. Matt Childs investigates the tensions between
African-born and creole members of Havana's black
brotherhoods in the eighteenth century. Stuart Schwartz
probes a Muslim uprising of Hausa dockworkers in
nineteenth-century Brazil. Seth Meisel shows how
enslaved blacks parlayed their military service against
British forces in 1806 into freedom and citizenship in
the new republic of Argentina. The appendix includes
translated primary documents from each of these essays.
*
* * * *
Neely Fuller,
Jr.,
The United-Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept
(A textbook/workbook for thought, speech, and/or actions
for victims of racism (white supremacy) ASIN:
B000VGCMQ1 (See
Amazon.com for more information.).
This book is the
essence of truth for all man/woman, child and human
kind. If you dare to be a vehicle of change in helping
yourself first to understand/know the truth about
racism, white supremacy, what it is and how it works in
the the 9 major areas of everyday people activity you
will bring about the balance in all humanity because you
will have a true understanding and therefore able to
help the creation. So do study, not just read the book
and you will be amazed at the spectacular jewel/asset
you become to the world. This will be the greatest
experience in reading and studying that you will ever
have.—Coming Forth By
Day
This book is the
essence of truth for all man/woman, child and human
kind. If you dare to be a vehicle of change in helping
yourself first to understand/know the truth about
racism, white supremacy, what it is and how it works in
the the 9 major areas of everyday people activity you
will bring about the balance in all humanity because you
will have a true understanding and therefore able to
help the creation. So do study, not just read the book
and you will be amazed at the spectacular jewel/asset
you become to the world. This will be the greatest
experience in reading and studying that you will ever
have.—Katrina
Hazzard-Donald
*
* * * *
Niall Finneran,
The Archaeology of Christianity in Africa
(Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2002).
This book looks at the development
of Christianity in Africa, from ancient Egypt to the
European colonialists. The author discusses its
evolution in North Africa, Egypt, medeival Nubia,
Ethiopia, and the colonies of the 19th and 20th
centuries.
*
* * * *
O. Nigel Bolland,
Colonialism and Resistance in Belize: Essays in
Historical Sociology (Kingston: University of
the West Indies Press, 2004).
 |
Colonialism and Resistance in
Belize
Essays
in Historical Sociology
By O. Nigel Bolland
The Social History of
Belize is marked by conflict, between the
British soldiers and the Maya, masters and
slaves, capitalists and workers, the
colonial administration and the Belizean
people. Belize shares many features with
other parts of the Caribbean and Central
America, including a long history of
colonialism and slavery, a dependant economy
in which the ownership of land is highly
concentrated, and a population which is
largely poor. In this collection of essays,
written over a period of several years,
Professor Bolland focuses on some of the
most important topics in the history of the
people of Belize, during three centuries of
colonialism. |
The sociological perspective of
this highly qualified scholar illuminates the historical
origins and colonial legacies of present day Belize,
both for their distinctiveness and for what they share
with other parts of the region. This revised collection
of essays, in the words of Professor Verene Shepherd,
will now take its place on the shelves of scholars of
Caribbean history.—Publisher, UWI
Press
Nigel O. Bolland is Charles
A. Dana Professor of Sociology at Colgate University,
New York. He is the author of several books and
scholarly articles. His recent publication, The Politics
of Labour, won the Gordon K. Lewis Award of the
Caribbean Studies Association. --
*
* * * *
P. F. De Moraes
Farias,
Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali:
Epigraphy, Chronicles and Songhay-Tuareg History
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
|
Arabic Medieval Inscriptions
from the Republic of Mali
Epigraphy,
Chronicles and Songhay-Tuareg History
By P.
F. De Moraes Farias
The
entire book is characterized by rigorously
applied scholarly objectivity and innovative
methodology. . . . Moraes Farias
accomplishes his task with no tedium for the
reader, artfully constructing such arguments
as his epigraphically inspired adjustments
to chronology of the Mali Empire, Songhay
ruling dynasties, Sahelian Muslim
identification with the greater Islamic
world, and other pathbreaking
contributions.—David
C. Conrad, State University of New
York-Oswego |
 |
Through Arabic
transcriptions, English translations, line-drawing
reconstructions, and plate illustrations, this volume
catalogs the large number of eleventh-fifteenth century
Arabic-Islamic inscriptions from the Republic of Mali.
Moraes Farias reinterprets West African chronicles and
oral traditions and demonstrates that the Tuareg and
Songhay, peoples divided by civil war in the 1990s,
share a composite history.—Publisher,
Oxford University Press
*
* * * *
Richard Lee
Turits,
Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime,
and Modernity in Dominican History (Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 2004).
One of the best
works ever done on the Dominican Republic, this
wonderful book goes a long way toward explaining not
only the long-lived Trujillo dictatorship but subsequent
Dominican social and political history as well. It is
also a powerful critique of the simplistic demonizing of
the Caribbean dictatorial model of politics attached to
strongmen like Trujillo, Somoza, and Duvalier.—Lowell
Gudmundson, Mount Holyoke College
One of the two or
three best books on Latin American history that I have
read in the past fifteen years. I have no doubt that it
will stand the test of time as a fundamental text in the
historiography of the Caribbean.... The book is close to
a masterpiece. It is elegantly written, extensively
documented, and superbly argued.—Jeffrey
L. Gould, Indiana University
*
* * * *
Source: Horizons: Newsletter of the Center for Africana
Studies at JHU, Spring 2010
* *
* * *
Africa's Legacy in Mexico
Bibliography
Aguirre Beltran, Gonzalo.
Cuijla, Esbozo Etnografico de un Pueblo Negro.
Veracruz, Mexico: Universidad Veracruzana, 1989.
__________.
La Poblacion Negra de Mexico. Second ed. Ciudad
de Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1972.
* *
* * *
Carroll, Patrick.
Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race. Ethnicity, and
Regional Development. Austin: University of
Texas Press, 1991.
 |
Blacks in Colonial Veracruz
Race. Ethnicity, and Regional Development
By Patrick Carroll
Carroll's book is a solid, welcome addition
to the scholarly literature on slavery and
society during the colonial period and the
Wars of Independence in Mexico and Latin
America in general. . . . With its high
level of ambitions and wide perspectives,
the book is clearly a most valuable one.—Hispanic
American Historical Review
Carroll
makes an important contribution to better
understanding of the colonial experience and
the reality of the past and present racial
discrimination in Mexico. . . . His writing
is most inspired when he describes and
interprets the lives of colonial Afro-Veracruzanos
and their role in Mexican society.—Geographical
Reviews |
Beginning with the Spanish conquest,
Mexico has become a racially complex society intermixing
Indian, Spanish, and African populations. Questions of
race and ethnicity have fueled much political and
scholarly debate, sometimes obscuring the experiences of
particular groups, especially blacks. Blacks in Colonial
Veracruz seeks to remedy this omission by studying the
black experience in central Veracruz during virtually
the entire colonial period. The book probes the
conditions that shaped the lives of inhabitants in
Veracruz from the first European contact through the
early formative period, colonial years, independence
era, and the postindependence decade. While the primary
focus is on blacks, Carroll relates their experience to
that of Indians, Spaniards, and castas (racially hybrid
people) to present a full picture of the interplay
between local populations, the physical setting, and
technological advances in the development of this
important but little-studied region.—Publisher,
University of Texas
* * *
* *
Curtin, Philip D.
The Atlantic Slave Trade. Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1975.
|
The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census
By Philip D. Curtin
There are
many aspects to the Trans-Atlantic slave
trade. There is the issue of the African
disporia, where many Africans were taken
from their homes to another completely
different country. There are the moral
issues about slavery and who was involved
and to what extent. Also, there are the
horrors of the middle passage and the life
of the slaves after they reached their
destination. In the book The Atlantic
Slave Trade: A Census, published by the
The University of Wisconsin Press in 1969,
the author Philip D. Curtin focuses on the
number of slaves that were taken across the
Atlantic. |
 |
Throughout the book
the author uses different research methods to express
how many Africans were shipped across the Atlantic, from
what parts in Africa, and the destination where they
were shipped. He uses other historians' estimates and
either tries to prove them correct or prove them
incorrect. The author's intent on writing this book was
to explore old knowledge on the slave trade and not to
present new information. His intent was to use old data
and publications and come up with his own theories or
"synthesis".
He does this by
using documents and estimations that have already been
written. With this information he then tries to
correlate them with previous documentation to prove or
disprove them. Also, he states that his numbers are not
precise and should not be considered exact but only
estimations. He did not intend the book to be a
definitive study, but a challenge to others, who can, to
correct or complete his findings. He also knew that in
time with new data and more sophisticated forms of
calculation his work might be modified. Another area he
did not want to discuss was the morality of the slave
trade.
This book was not
intended to blame any one person or country nor did it
discuss the evils of the slave trade. He felt these
aspects of the trade have already been proven and in his
opinion is no longer disputed. I felt the author did an
adequate job presenting and explaining the material. He
discusses in detail where he found the information, the
name of the historian who first presented the
information, and how he proved or disproved the
information. He did a great deal of research in finding
accurate information and when there was none given he
explains how he came to his conclusions and the methods
in which he used. However, I would recommend taking a
statistics class before reading this book. It goes in
depth with various methods and a great deal of numbers.
This can be quite confusing at times. It also warrants
the reader to re-read certain areas of the book.
However, this was
his intention because he wanted his readers to think
about what he has written and possibly challenge it. The
organization of the chapters are in a manner in which
the reader can first review some of the previous
literature about the numbers of Africans shipped during
the slave trade. The first chapter also examines the
major players and when they were involved. The other
chapters are organized by certain areas or by centuries.
The centuries are in chronological order so that the
reader does not go from one century to the next back to
the previous. It is easier to follow this way. The
second to last chapter is a summery and also explains
the major trends within the slave trade. It explains
when it was at its peak and when it started to diminish.
The final chapter was about European mortality and how
many European sailors died while involved in the trade.
This chapter really did not fit in with the other
chapters and would have been better left out. Also the
author uses various techniques in which to prove his
calculations and assumptions.
Though they are
only estimations they give the reader a sense of
credibility. At times he uses several historians'
estimates and compares them to each other. Sometimes
they are similar, but when they are not he explains both
of their theories and where they could have been
incorrect. This gives the reader the ability to either
agree or disagree with his assumptions. After he
discusses all the inaccuracies then he explains his own
theories and backs them up by population records,
shipping records, or other data that was documented
during the time period. This also adds to the author's
credibility.
At other times when
he can not find any information due to loss or some
other reason, he then uses information from other areas
and correlates them with the area he's discussing. He
then uses this information to estimate the numbers of
slaves imported. Overall, the author does a good job of
discussing his intentions. His work is well researched
and highly credible. However, his methods and
overwhelming amount of numbers may confuse the average
reader. In this case a reader may want to choose to read
about a different aspect of the Atlantic slave trade.—cindizaradich@hotmail.com
* * *
* *
Jimenez Roman, Miriam. The
African Presence in the Americas: Tradition,
Transformation, and Change (exhibition catalogue).
New York: Schomburg Center for Research in Black
Culture, 1991.
Klein, Herbert.
African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Palmer, Colin. "The Cruelest Commerce." In
National Geographic, vol. 182, no. 3 (Sept. 1992).
___________. "Human
Cargoes: the British Slave Trade to Spanish America,
1700-1739." Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
1981.
___________.
Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico,
1570-1650." Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,
1976.
Perez Fernandez, Rolando Antonio.
La Musica Afromestiza Mexicana. Xalapa, Veracruz,
Mexico: Editorial UV, 1990.
Source:
Smithsonian Education
* * * *
*
|
Basil Davidson obituary—By Victoria Brittain—9
July 2010—Davidson [(9 November 1914 – 9
July 2010) a
British
historian, writer and
Africanist] was enthused early on by the
end of British colonialism and the prospects
of pan-Africanism in the 1960s, and he wrote
copiously and with warmth about newly
independent
Ghana and its leader, Kwame Nkrumah. He
went to work for a year at the University
of Accra in 1964. Later he threw himself
into the reporting of the African liberation
wars in the Portuguese colonies,
particularly in Angola,
Mozambique, Cape Verde
and Guinea-Bissau. . . . In the 1980s, with
most of the African liberation wars now
won—except for South Africa's— Davidson
turned much of his attention to more
theoretical questions about the future of
the nation state in Africa. He remained a
passionate advocate of pan-Africanism. In
1988 he made a long and dangerous journey
into Eritrea, writing a persuasive defence
of the nationalists' right to independence
from
Ethiopia, and an equally eloquent attack
on the revolutionary leader Colonel Mengistu
and the regime that had overthrown Haile
Selassie.
Guardian |
 |
* * * *
*
Basil Davidson's "Africa Series"
Different
But Equal /
Mastering A Continent /
Caravans
of Gold /
The King and the City /
The Bible and The Gun
* * *
* *
* *
* * *
|
Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in
America
By Melissa V.
Harris-Perry
According to the
author, this society has historically exerted
considerable pressure on black females to fit into one
of a handful of stereotypes, primarily, the Mammy, the
Matriarch or the Jezebel. The selfless
Mammy’s behavior is marked by a slavish devotion to
white folks’ domestic concerns, often at the expense of
those of her own family’s needs. By contrast, the
relatively-hedonistic Jezebel is a sexually-insatiable
temptress. And the Matriarch is generally thought of as
an emasculating figure who denigrates black men, ala the
characters Sapphire and Aunt Esther on the television
shows Amos and Andy and Sanford and Son, respectively.
Professor Perry
points out how the propagation of these harmful myths
have served the mainstream culture well. For instance,
the Mammy suggests that it is almost second nature for
black females to feel a maternal instinct towards
Caucasian babies.
|
 |
* * * *
*
 |
West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A
History to 1850
By
Basil Davidson
This
book is excellent as an introduction to West
African history. It begins with a brief
overview of region's history from earliest
times but the focus of the book is on the
thousand years between the 9th and the 19th
centuries A.D.
Comprehensive overviews of the political
histories of both well and little known West
African states and cities are recounted.
These include the histories of the empires
of Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, Oyo,
Benin, Dahomey and Asante. Accounts of
several other smaller states are also
detailed such as the Hausa city states, the
Wollof kingdom, the Bambara states, the
Niger Delta trading states, the Fulani
states of Futa Jallon and Futa Toro, the
important cities of Timbuktu, Jenne and Gao
and several others. |
Apart from these
political histories, Davidson also provides an insight
into the social fabric of West Africa, especially at the
dawn of the 17th century. He describes economic features
(like trade items, routes, currencies etc), religion,
arts and learning in the region, social stratification
and dominant trends. These provide the reader with a
real "feel" of the society at that time. Like all of
Davidson's writings on this subject matter, this book
dispels the myth that Africa had no history or
civilization before contact with Europe. It is clear,
concise and very easy to read.
D. E. Chukwumerije
* * * *
*
|
African Slave Trade: Precolonial History,
1450-1850
By Basil Davidson
The best general acount
of the Atlantic slave trade. It is the story
of one of the most enormous crimes in all
human history. Basil Davidson states that by
examining three important areas of Africa in
the history of slavery 'against a general
background of their time and circumstance'
he was taking 'a fresh look at the oversea
slave trade, the steady year-by-year export
of African laborr to the West Indies and the
Americas that marked the greatest and most
fateful migration—forced migration—in the
history of man. This book is about the
course and consequences of this long
African-European connection that endured
from the fifteenth century to the
nineteenth. It makes an answer to three
vital questions: What kind of contact was
this with Europe and America? How did the
experience affect Africa? Why did it end in
colonial invasion and conquest? |
 |
* *
* * *
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